Common Name: Bed Bug
Scientific Name: Cimex lectularius Linnaeus
Class/Order/Family: Insecta/Heteroptera/Cimicidae
Metamorphosis: Simple
Introduction
This bug probably received its common name of bed bug from its close association with human sleeping beds where it often seeks refuge during daylight, only to come out to feed on the bed’s occupant(s) at night. The bed bug is an ectoparasite of primarily humans but will also attack poultry and other mammals and birds. It was introduced into the United States with the early colonists. It is found throughout the United States and the world.
Recognition
Adults about 3/16″ (4-5 mm) long; broadly oval and flat. Color brown to reddish brown (after feeding). Head with beak/proboscis 3-segmented, not extending beyond front coxae. Ocelli absent. Antenna 4-segmented, 3rd segment longer than 2nd and 4th. Pronotum with front margin deeply concave to receive head, with side margins greatly expanded forward to beyond eyes, pronotum more than 2.5 times as wide as long at its middle. Bases (coxae) of middle and hind legs widely separated; tarsi 3-segmented. Front wings vestigial, reduced to wing pads; with contiguous (touching) portions shorter than scutellum (triangular plate directly behind pronotum) in length. Body upper surface sparsely covered with short golden hairs (setae), usually shorter than diameter of 2nd antennal segment. Emit an “obnoxiously sweet” odor from scent glands.
Similar Groups
(1) Tropical bed bug (Cimex hemipterus) with pronotum less than 2.5 times as wide as long at its middle; southern Florida. (2) Bat bugs (C. adjunctus and C. pilosellus) with upper surface of body covered with long hairs (setae), length 1.5 or more times the diameter of the 2nd antennal segment. (3) Swallow bug (Oeciacus vicarius) with 3rd and 4th antennal segments equal in length. (4) Poultry bug (Haematosiphon inodorus) with beak/proboscis extending back to hind coxae. (5) Swift bug (Cimexopsis nyctalis) with bases (coxae) of middle and hind legs nearly touching and body bare, lacking hairs. (6) Flat bugs (family Aradidae) with narrow wings, abdomen extending beyond them, beak/probosis 4-segmented, and tarsi 2-segmented.
Biology
Female bed bugs lay 1-5 eggs per day with the 1/32″ (1 mm) long, white eggs being deposited individually in cracks or on rough surfaces and secured with a transparent cement for an average total of 200 eggs; maximum eggs per day is 12, with 541 for a lifetime. There are 5 nymphal instars with a blood meal required for each molt. About 3-10 minutes are required for each blood meal, during which saliva containing an anticoagulant is injected.. Developmental time (egg to adult) takes 21 days at 86F/30C to 120 days at 65F/18C, with an additional 3 or 8 days respectively for oviposition to occur. The threshold for egg hatching, nymphal development, and adult activity is 55-59F/13-15C. Below 61F/16C adults enter semihibernation and the thermal death point is 111-113F/44-45C. Without a blood meal, once-fed nymphs can survive an average of 51 days (range 28-73) at 81F/27C and 70-75% RH. Being poorly fed can greatly prolong the nymphal period (35-48 days to 158 days in one study). With normal feeding and reproductive cycles, individuals can live up to 316 days. Humans are the preferred host of bed bugs but in their absence bed bugs will feed on poultry, canaries, English sparrows, mice, rats, guinea pugs, and bats. Although the bite of bed bugs is painless, most people (80%) develop an allergic reaction to the saliva injected by the bug as it feeds. A swelling usually results from feeding but there is no red spot such as is characteristic with flea bites. Swelling may be severe and extend beyond the immediate bite area in highly sensitive individuals. Bed bus have been found to be infected with some 25 different disease organisms. Survival time within the bed bug was found to be especially long (147-285 days) for the organisms of plague, relapsing fever, tularaemia, and Q fever. However, although bed bugs have been suspect in the transmission of many diseases or disease organisms in humans, in most cases conclusive evidence is lacking.
Habits
Bed bugs harbor in cracks and crevices during the day and come out to feed at night. Typically they can be found around mattress buttons and beading, in box springs or their coverings, and in any crevice of a wooden bed frame, such as where members join. Other places to check are wall hangings such as picture frames, night stands, stuffed furniture, baseboards, floorboard cracks, behind loose wallpaper, light switches, door and window frames, conduits, etc. In heavy infestations, bed bugs may be found in wall voids, attics, and other enclosed places. They will crawl considerable distances to obtain a blood meal. They can be introduced into a structure via used furniture or in the belongings of someone who has been living in a bed bug infested situation. Adults can survive for up to 6-7 months if they are well fed and they can feed on other animals if humans are not present. When the temperature falls below 60F/16C, adults enter semihibernation and can survive for months. Bed bug infestations have been found in transportation vehicles such as boats, trains, air planes, and buses as well as in movie theatres where they typically harbourage in seats and associated frames. Besides the characteristic obnoxiously sweet odor, the other primary clues to an infestation will be the presence of bed bugs and/or small red to reddish brown fecal spots here and there on surfaces.
Control
A thorough inspection is indispensable. Treat any bed bugs found with an appropriately labelled pesticide. Great care should be taken when treating mattresses, box springs, and upholstery to keep pesticide exposure to the customer to a minimum; allow for thorough drying before reuse. Infant’s and infirmed person’s bedding and bed frames should not be treated. They should be replaced with uninfested items. In homes, most bed bugs infestations can be controlled with a single application to mattresses, bed frames, wall crevices, and baseboards. In apartment buildings and hotels, it’s advisable to also inspect units to either side and above and below the infested unit, and treat as required.